Geography of Istanbul,Turkey.

Istanbul is located in northwestern Turkey within the Marmara Region on a total area of 5,343 straight kilometres (2,063 sq mi). (tone 2) The Bosphorus, which associates the Sea of Marmara to the Black Sea, parts the city into a European side, making up the historic and economic centres, and an Asian, Anatolian side ; as such, Istanbul is one of the two bi-continental metropolises in Dud among with anakkale. The city is further disunited by the Golden Horn, a natural seaport recoiling the peninsula where the former Byzantium and Second Council of Constantinople were founded. In the late-19th century, a wharfage was made in Galata at the mouth of the Golden Horn, exchanging a flaxen beach that once shaped portion of the intake's coastline.The concourse of the Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus, and the Golden Horn at the middle of contemporary Istanbul has dissuaded assailing forces for thousands of years and still stays on a salient lineament of the city's landscape.

The historical peninsula is said to be built on seven mounds, each topped off by an purple mosque, smothered by 22 kms (14 mi) of city walls ; the largest of these mounds is the land site of Topkap Palace on the Sarayburnu.Rising from the opposite side of the Golden Horn is another, conelike mound, where the modernistic Beyolu territorial dominion is situated. Because of the topography, edifices were once constructed with the help of terraced keeping back walls (some of which are still seeable in older parts of the city), and routes in Beyolu were posed out in the form of steps.skdar on the Asian side exposes likewise hilly characteristics, with the terrain bit by bit covering down to the Bosphorus slide, but the landscape in emsipaa and Ayazma is more abrupt, akin to a promontory. The highest point in Istanbul is amlca Mound (also on the Asian side), with an height of 288 meters (945 foot).

Istanbul is situated near the North Anatolian Fault on the bounds between the African and Eurasian dentures. This error zone, which works from northern Anatolia to the Sea of Marmara, has been responsible for several mortal seisms throughout the city's history. Among the most annihilating of these seismal results was the 1509 quake, which caused a tsunami that let out over the walls of the city, ruined over 100 mosques, and killed more than 10,000 hoi pollois. More recently, in 1999, an earthquake with its epicentre in nearby zmit went away 17,000 peoples dead, letting in 1,000 peoples in Istanbul's suburbs.Istanbulites stay concerned that an even more ruinous seismal issue may be in Istanbul's near time to come, as thousands of structures recently made to adapt the city's apace increasing population may not have been made by rights.Seismologists say the jeopardy of a 7.6-magnitude temblor outstanding Istanbul by 2030 is greater than sixty percent. 

Istanbul has a Mediterranean Sea mood allotting to the Kppen mood classification system, although its mood becomes more oceanic toward the Frederick North. In summertime the weather in Istanbul is hot and humid, with the temperature in July and Aug averaging out 23 C (73 F). (70) Summers are relatively wry, but rain is important during that season. Extreme heat energy, however, is uncommon, as temperatures move up above 32 C (90 F) on only five clarence shepard day jr. per year on average. During wintertime it is cold, wet and often snow covered, with the temperature in Jan and Feb averaging out 4 C (39 F). (70) Snowfalls tend to be overweight, but the snowcover and temperatures below the freezing point seldom last more than a few clarence shepard day jr.. Spring and fall are soft, but are unpredictable and often wet, and can range from chilly to warm, however the darks are chilly.

Istanbul has a persistently eminent humidness, which can aggravate the moderate summer heating plant. (70) The humidness is especially salient during the morning hours, when humidness broadly gives eighty pct and fog is very common. The city has befog an average of 228 days each year, with the highest concentration of bleary days being in the wintertime months, although it usually dissipates by noontime. Electric storms are uncommon, passing off just 23 clarence days each year, but they hap most frequently in the summertime and early fall months. (71) Istanbul has an yearly average of 124 days with important downfall, which together give around 844 millimeter (33 in) of pelting. The highest entered temperature was 40.5 C (105 F) on 12 July 2000, and the lowest memorialized temperature was 16.1 C (3 F) on 9 Feb 1927. (72) Istanbul also tends to be a windy city, having an median wind velocity of 18 kilometer h (11 miles per hour). (71) Due to the city's Brobdingnagian size, topography and maritime influences, Istanbul exhibits a multi.